Multicenter study on the etiology characteristics of neonatal purulent meningitis / 中华传染病杂志

Objective:To study the distribution and antibiotics resistance of the main pathogens of neonatal purulent meningitis in different regions of China.Methods:A retrospective descriptive clinical epidemiological study was conducted in children with neonatal purulent meningitis which admitted to 18 tertiary hospitals in different regions of China between January 2015 to December 2019. The test results of blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and drug sensitivity test results of the main pathogens were collected. The distributions of pathogenic bacteria in children with neonatal purulent meningitis in preterm and term infants, early and late onset infants, in Zhejiang Province and other regions outside Zhejiang Province, and in Wenzhou region and other regions of Zhejiang Province were analyzed. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.Results:A total of 210 neonatal purulent meningitis cases were collected. The common pathogens were Escherichia coli ( E. coli)(41.4%(87/210)) and Streptococcus agalactiae ( S. agalactiae)(27.1%(57/210)). The proportion of Gram-negative bacteria in preterm infants (77.6%(45/58)) with neonatal purulent meningitis was higher than that in term infants (47.4%(72/152)), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=15.54, P=0.001). There were no significant differences in the constituent ratios of E. coli (36.5%(31/85) vs 44.8%(56/125)) and S. agalactiae (24.7%(21/85) vs 28.8%(36/125)) between early onset and late onset cases (both P>0.05). The most common pathogen was E. coli in different regions, with 46.7%(64/137) in Zhejiang Province and 31.5%(23/73) in other regions outside Zhejiang Province. In Zhejiang Province, S. agalactiae was detected in 49 out of 137 cases (35.8%), which was significantly higher than other regions outside Zhejiang Province (11.0%(8/73)). The proportions of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in other regions outside Zhejiang Province (17.8%(13/73) and 16.4%(12/73)) were both higher than those in Zhejiang Province (2.9%(4/137) and 5.1%(7/137)). The differences were all statistically significant ( χ2=14.82, 12.26 and 7.43, respectively, all P<0.05). The proportion of Gram-positive bacteria in Wenzhou City (60.8%(31/51)) was higher than that in other regions in Zhejiang Province (38.4%(33/86)), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=6.46, P=0.011). E. coli was sensitive to meropenem (0/45), and 74.4%(32/43) of them were resistant to ampicillin. E. coli had different degrees of resistance to other common cephalosporins, among which, cefotaxime had the highest resistance rate of 41.8%(23/55), followed by ceftriaxone (32.4%(23/71)). S. agalactiae was sensitive to penicillin, vancomycin and linezolid. Conclusions:The composition ratios of pathogenic bacteria of neonatal purulent meningitis are different in different regions of China. The most common pathogen is E. coli, which is sensitive to meropenem, while it has different degrees of resistance to other common cephalosporins, especially to cefotaxime.

A rare case of purulent pericarditis secondary to subdiaphragmatic abscess / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#Subdiaphragmatic abscess is the accumulation of pus in the space between the diaphragm and the transverse colon and its mesentery.[1] Subdiaphragmatic abscess is clinically characterized by fever and local pain. Its clinical manifestations are often vague and diverse, and its symptoms and signs together constitute thoracoabdominal syndrome, leading to delayed diagnosis and a high incidence rate and mortality.[2]Subdiaphragmatic abscess is often secondary to acute peritonitis or remote infection with hematogenous dissemination. The bacteriological characteristics of these abscesses include aerobic and facultative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, group D Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as less common anaerobic organisms, such as Bacteroides.[3] In 1938, Ochsner and DeBakey recognized chest complications of subdiaphragmatic abscesses, including empyema, bronchial fistula, and pericarditis, in their classic review of subdiaphragmatic abscesses. Because of the structural characteristics of the diaphragm, there are fewer complications of diaphragm perforation.[4] Especially now, with the use of antibiotics, these complications have become more rare. Here, we report a case of purulent pericarditis caused by Klebsiella pneumonia, secondary to subdiaphragmatic abscess extending through the diaphragm.

Pericarditis purulenta por mycobacterium tuberculosis y streptococcus pneumoniae: revisión del tema, a propósito de un caso / Purulent pericarditis due to mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptococcus pneumoniae: case report and review

La pericarditis purulenta es una patología poco frecuente pero que conlleva alta mortalidad. En la era pre antibióticos, se observaba en pacientes con neumonía complicada y las cocáceas gram positivas eran los gérmenes frecuentemente involucrados. Por otro lado, la pericarditis tuberculosa representa el 1% del total de casos de tuberculosis, aunque es frecuente zonas endémicas, principalmente asociada a la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 19 años, en situación calle, infectado con VIH, con diagnóstico de pericarditis purulenta, donde se demostró la co-infección de Mycobacterium tuberculosis y Streptecoccus pneumoniae en el pericardio. La pericarditis purulenta polimicrobiana es poco frecuente y la co-infección por los gérmenes mencionados es anecdótica. A pesar del tratamiento antimicrobiano, el aseo quirúrgico, los esteroides y la fibrinolisis intrapericárdica, esta patología tiene un pronóstico ominoso, en parte, debido a la condición basal de los enfermos que la padecen.

Purulent pericarditis is a rare disease with a high mortality rate. In the pre-antibiotic era it was observed as a complication in patients with pneumonia. Gram-positive coccaceae were the most commonly implicated bacteria. Tuberculous pericarditis represents 1% of all tuberculosis (TBC) cases, although it is common in endemic areas, associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We present the case of a 19-year-old homeless, admitted with HIV and malnutrition, diagnosed with purulent pericarditis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Streptococcus pneumoniae were found as a cause of purulent pericarditis. Polymicrobial purulent pericarditis is a rare condition and co-infection with the bacteria previously mentioned is merely anecdotal. Despite antimicrobial treatment, surgical management, steroids, and intrapericardial fibrinolysis, this pathology has an ominous prognosis, due in part to the pre-existing condition of these patients.

Update on epidemiology, treatment and genetics of purulent meningitis in children / 国际儿科学杂志

Purulent meningitis(PM)is the main reasons of infectious diseases in the central nervous system of children.It is one of the leading causes of neurological sequelae in children.Pathogens are related to region, socioeconomic status, environment, age, etc.The epidemiology has been changing owing to the increasing vaccination coverage rate.Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and group B Streptococcus are the main pathogens of PM in children.Antibiotics are the main treatment.Corticosteroids are controversial in the treatment of PM.Vaccination is the main method to prevent PM and its complications.With the development of genetics, the genetic variation of immune system has been proved to be related to the susceptibility of PM.This article reviews recent advances in epidemiological changes, treatment, and genetic associations of PM in children.It is helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of PM.

Perforación y obstrucción colónica: conducta de los coloproctólogos latinoamericanos / Perforation and obstruction of the colon: behavior of the latin american colon and rectal surgeons

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer las diferentes conductas que realizan los cirujanos coloproctólogos latinoamericanos en relación con las urgencias colónicas. Materiales y Método: Estudio transversal, utilizando encuesta vía web con preguntas de selección múltiple. La encuesta fue enviada a las distintas Sociedades Coloproctológicas Latinoamericanas, así como a la Asociación Latinoamericana de Coloproctología (ALACP), para su distribución. La encuesta fue escrita en español neutro y traducida al portugués. Se utilizó análisis estadísticos descriptivos y analítico. Resultados: 441 encuestas respondidas completamente de 16 países diferentes. El 85% realiza resección y anastomosis sin ostomía de protección en obstrucciones de colon derecho. En las perforaciones del colon izquierdo, se realiza operación de Hartmann en el 63,3% de los casos que presentan peritonitis purulentas y en el 94,5% de las peritonitis fecaloideas. Discusión: En las obstrucciones colónicas, la resección con anastomosis primaria, es una conducta poco discutida en colon derecho, a diferencia de las obstrucciones del lado izquierdo, en donde realizar una operación de Hartmann es una conducta tan válida como la resección y anastomosis. En los cuadros de perforación, la decisión de resección y anastomosis primaria es multifactorial, tomando relevancia la estabilidad hemodinámica del paciente. En estos últimos casos, realizar una resección con ostomía, es la respuesta de gran parte de los encuestados. Conclusiones: Los resultados de cada situación, en su mayoría, presentan una tendencia clara hacia una conducta en particular; solo en el caso de obstrucción de colon izquierdo, se observan dos conductas (operación de Hartmann o anastomosis primaria) ambas validadas por la literatura internacional.

Objective: Learn about the different management options performed by latin american colon and rectal surgeons, in relation to colonic emergencies. Materials and Method: Cross-sectional study, using web survey with multiple-choice questions. The survey was sent to the different Latin America Coloproctological Societies, as well as to ALACP, for distribution. The survey was written in neutral Spanish and translated into Portuguese. Descriptive and analytical statistical analysis was used. Results: 441 complete surveys, from 16 different countries. 85% perform resection and anastomosis without diverting ostomy in obstructions of the right colon. In perforations of the left colon, Hartmann's procedure is performed in 63.3% of case with purulent peritonitis and in 94.5% of fecaloid peritonitis. Discussion: In colonic obstructions, resection with primary anastomosis, is little discussed behavior in the right colon, unlike obstructions on the left side, where performing a Hartmann operation is a behavior as valid as resection and anastomosis. In colonic perforation, the decision of resection and primary anastomosis is multifactorial, taking into account the hemodynamic stability of the patient. In the latter cases, performing an ostomy is the response of a large part of the surveyed. Conclusions: The results in each situation, for the most part, present a clear tendency towards a particular behavior; only in the case of left colon obstruction, two behaviors (Hartmann procedure or primary anastomosis) are both validated by international literature.

Comparative analysis of magnetic resonance imaging for purulent meningitis in premature and full term infants / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To compare the head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes and the distribution of pathogens of purulent meningitis in premature and full term infants.Methods:This retrospective study assessed clinical data in 43 cases of neonatal purulent meningitis with positive blood or cerebrospinal fluid bacterial culture admitted to the Neonatal Ward of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from January 2012 to November 2019.According to the gestational age, those patients were divided into the premature infant group and the full term infant group.The general situation, head MRI and pathogen characteristics of both groups were compared.Results:The incidence of premature rupture of fetal membranes in the premature infant group was higher than that in the full term infant group [50.00%(13/26 cases) vs.5.88%(1/17 cases)], the rate of cesarean section in the premature infant group was higher than that in the term infant group [61.54%(16/26 cases) vs.23.53%(4/17 cases)], and there were significant difference between the 2 groups ( χ2=9.011 and 5.969, respectively, all P<0.05). There was no significant difference between 2 groups in age of onset [(9.8±7.0) d vs.(8.9±5.5) d], diagnosis[(13.0±7.1) d vs.(10.2±6.1) d] and examination [(16.1±7.9) d vs.(13.1±6.5) d] (all P>0.05). The top 3 pathogens were Klebsiella pneumonia ( K. pneumoniae) in 14 cases, Escherichia coli ( E. coli) in 11 cases and Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) in 7 cases. K. pneumoniae was the most common pathogen in premature infants, and GBS was the most common pathogen in term infants.In the first MRI, white matter injury (WMI) was the most common disease (19 cases), the abnormal rate of MRI in the premature infant group was 65.38% (17/26 cases), the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in the premature infant group was higher than that in the term infant group, the abnormal rate of MRI in the term infant group was 52.94% (9/17 cases), and the incidence of cerebral infarction in the term infant group was higher than that in the premature infant group.The MRI positive rates of meningitis caused by K. pneumoniae, E. coli and GBS were 57.14% (8/14 cases), 72.73% (8/11 cases) and 71.43% (5/7 cases), respectively.Infants with K. pneumoniae infections suffered from the main complications of WMI and intracranial hemorrhage.Infants infected with E. coli were prone to WMI in the early stage and hydrocephalus in the late stage.Infants with GBS were prone to WMI and cerebral infarction in the early stage and cerebromalacia in the late stage. Conclusions:There were some differences in the distribution of pathogenic bacteria and head MRI changes between premature infants and term infants, and head MRI of purulent meningitis caused by different pathogenic bacteria.A thorough understanding of the distribution of pathogens and the characteristics of head MRI in premature and full term infants contributed to the early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of this disease.

Purulent Pericarditis Secondary to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in a previously healthy infant: A case report

@#Purulent pericarditis with cardiac tamponade caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is rare and fatal. There are limited data in children in the current antibiotic era, and available reports usually involve patients with immune dysfunction and prior thoracic instrumentation or has a thoracic focus of infection. Rapid recognition and treatment are paramount in the survival of patients. We report a case of purulent pericarditis with cardiac tamponade secondary to community-acquired MRSA in a previously healthy 10-month-old male infant who presented with fever, pallor, shock, and cardio-respiratory distress. CBC showed leukocytosis with neutrophilia, markedly elevated inflammatory markers, and cardiomegaly on chest radiography. The ECG showed diffuse concave ST-segment elevation, low QRS voltages on precordial leads, and electrical alternans consistent with pericarditis with probable significant pericardial effusion confirmed by 2D echocardiography with note of cardiac tamponade. He was managed effectively with pericardiostomy in combination with a 4-week course of vancomycin. Blood and pericardial fluid culture grew MRSA. This case underscores the organism’s lethality and its potential to infect immunocompetent children without predisposing factors. The value of early recognition, prompt initiation of treatment and management is of utmost importance.

Non-purulent pharyngitis: adult still’s disease

 Adult Still’s disease is rare and may present as pyrexia of unknown origin. Due to lack of expertise, diagnosis may be delayed inadvertently. The patient usually presents with spiked fever, polyarthralgia or arthritis, evanescent skin rash, non-purulent pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Leukocytosis, predominantly of neutrophils, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein without obvious infection are the hallmarks of the disease. Delay in diagnosis may expose the patient to the side effects of antibiotics as they are repeatedly prescribed in view of elevated leukocytes. The majority of patients report pain in the throat without evidence of infection. This was an important clue to our diagnosis of this patient. Grossly elevated serum ferritin is diagnostic of adult onset still's disease. As the white cell counts are grossly elevated, a bone marrow examination to rule out hematological malignancy may be mandatory. Serum ferritin value has prognostic value too. Minor illness may respond to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but steroids are the mainstay of the treatment.  Methotrexate is of additional value for those presenting predominantly with arthritis. Anakinra, Infliximab and Tocilizumab are other options. Those patients presenting with severe disease and organ involvement require high dose intravenous steroids followed by high dose oral steroids.

Safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic peritoneal lavage in Hinchey III diverticulitis / Segurança e eficácia da lavagem peritoneal laparoscópica na diverticulite Hinchey III

Abstract Introduction: The management of Hinchey III diverticulitis has been subject to investigation over the years. Hartmann's procedure is widely referred as the standard treatment. However, this option is associated with relevant morbidity and mortality which motivated the arise of alternative interventions such as the laparoscopic peritoneal lavage. Aim: The aim of this review is to synthesize the evidence on the safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic peritoneal lavage in the management of diverticulitis with generalized purulent peritonitis in comparison to resection procedures. Materials and methods: The bibliographic research was conducted using the electronic database Medline from Pubmed. Of the 358 articles identified, our criterious selection resulted in a total of 27 articles for review. Results: Overall, laparoscopic lavage revealed low mortality rates with no remarkable differences between procedures. The non-randomized studies tended to show lower recurrence and morbidity rates comparatively to the latest RCTs, in the lavage groups, however, no significant differences have been found. Discussion and conclusion: In this review, laparoscopic peritoneal lavage proved to be safe and comparatively effective, although not superior to resection, reaching mixed results. We believe it can be applied as a damage control operation to treat or as a bridge to elective resection. Still, more studies are needed to determine indications and factors for the success of laparoscopic lavage.

Resumo Introdução: O tratamento da diverticulite por Hinchey III tem sido objeto de investigação ao longo dos anos. A operação tipo Hartmann é amplamente referida como o tratamento padrão. No entanto, esta opção está associada à morbilidade e mortalidade relevante, o que motivou o surgimento de intervenções alternativas, como a lavagem peritoneal laparoscópica. Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão é sintetizar a evidência sobre a segurança e a eficácia da lavagem peritoneal laparoscópica no tratamento da diverticulite com peritonite generalizada purulenta em comparação com os procedimentos de ressecção. Materiais e métodos: A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada na base de dados eletrónica Medline da Pubmed. Dos 358 artigos identificados, a nossa seleção criteriosa resultou num total de 27 artigos para revisão. Resultados: No geral, a lavagem laparoscópica revelou baixas taxas de mortalidade sem diferenças significativas entre os procedimentos. Os estudos não randomizados tenderam a mostrar menores taxas de recorrência e morbilidade comparativamente aos últimos ensaios clínicos randomizados, nos grupos submetidos à lavagem, no entanto, nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada. Discussão e conclusão: Nesta revisão, a lavagem peritoneal laparoscópica mostrou-se segura e comparativamente eficaz, embora não superior à ressecção, não alcançando resultados constantes. Nós acreditamos que pode ser aplicada como um procedimento de controlo de danos para tratamento ou como ponte para cirurgia eletiva. Ainda assim, são necessários mais estudos para determinar indicações e fatores para o sucesso da lavagem laparoscópica.

A Case of Purulent Pericarditis Caused by Baceteroides fragilis Successfully Treated with Pericardiotomy Using Left Small Thoracotomy / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

A 70-year-old woman who was bedridden because of right hemiplegia attributable to a history of cerebral hemorrhage underwent surgical thrombectomy for pulmonary embolism four years previously. Symptoms of heart failure appeared one year previously, and she was diagnosed with constrictive pericarditis and had been treated with medication by a previous doctor. In the current situation, she visited the previous doctor with the chief complaint of fever, and pericardial effusion was observed on echocardiography. Cardiac tamponade was suspected and she was transferred to our hospital. She was then diagnosed with purulent pericarditis because purulent fluid was observed during pericardiocentesis drainage. Bacteroides fragilis was isolated from the culture of the abscess. The abscess was resistant to conservative antibiotic therapy ; therefore, we performed a pericardiotomy with a left small thoracotomy. The pleural effusion was found to be negative for culture and the patient exhibited a good postoperative course. Purulent pericarditis is refractory with poor prognosis. An appropriate surgical procedure must be chosen considering the patient's activities of daily living. Here, we report a surgical case wherein we chose the left thoracotomy approach and achieved positive results.

Clinical value of determining heparin-binding protein of cerebrospinal fluid in children with purulent meningitis / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective@#To explore the clinical value of determining heparin-binding protein(HBP) of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) in the diagnosis and prognostic prediction in children with purulent meningitis(PM).@*Methods@#76 children with PM, 55 children with viral encephalitis(VE) and 40 control children with non-infectious diseases, all admitted to Hunan Children′ Hospital from August 2018 to January 2019, were enrolled in this retrospective study. Children with PM were divided into favorable prognosis group and poor prognosis group according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale on discharge. CSF HBP, white blood cell count(WBC), percentage of neutrophilic granulocyte(N%), glucose(Glu), total protein(TP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and serum procalcitonin(PCT) were analyzed on the first day of admission(DAY1) in PM group, VE group and control group, and on the seventh day of admission(DAY7) in PM group. Nonparametric tests were used to detect the differences of the laboratory indexes and Spearman rank correlation test was utilized to analyze the correlation between HBP and other markers. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC curves) were established to evaluate the values of the detection indexes in the diagnosis and prognosis of PM.@*Results@#The differences of CSF HBP[63.09(18.10-272.19)ng/mL, 5.90(5.90-6.40)ng/mL and 5.90(5.90-5.90)ng/mL], WBC[365.00(20.00-1285.00)×106/L, 21.00(8.00-30.00)×106/L and 13.50(7.25-21.00)×106/L], N%[0.65(0.50-0.79), 0.19(0.10-0.25) and 0.21(0.15-0.27)], Glu[1.97(1.07-3.08)mmol/L, 2.89(2.66-3.42)mmol/L and 3.04(2.68-3.42)mmol/L], TP[1.43(0.63-1.88)g/L, 0.23(0.16-0.32)g/L and 0.13(0.10-0.31)g/L], LDH[152.00(46.50-461.50)IU/L, 16.00(13.20-22.00)IU/L and 16.00(10.25-19.75) IU/L] and serum PCT[1.35(0.19-9.33)ng/mL, 0.06(0.03-0.11)ng/mL and 0.08(0.05-0.14)ng/mL] levels on DAY1 were statistically significant among PM group, VE group and control group(HHBP=138.62, HWBC=69.72, HN%=106.67, HGlu=34.08, HTP=68.00, HLDH=85.11, HPCT=79.20, P<0.001). HBP had the largest area under curve(AUC=0.997) for the diagnosis of PM, and had excellent sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value (98.70%, 97.90%, 97.40%, 98.94%, respectively) at the optimal cut-off value (11.84 ng/mL). Compared with DAY1,CSF HBP, WBC, N%, TP, LDH and serum PCT levels on DAY7 were statistically lower in favorable prognosis group(P<0.05). The differences for all the indexes between DAY1 and DAY7 in poor prognosis group were not statistically significant, however. It was not significant for all the indexes on DAY1 to predict poor prognosis(P>0.05). But the indexes on DAY7 for predicting poor prognosis were significant (P<0.05) and HBP still had the largest AUC (0.976) for predicting the poor prognosis with good sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value (100.0%, 93.8%, 76.3%, 100.0%, respectively) at the optimal cut-off value(128.84 ng/mL). CSF HBP was positively correlated to CSF WBC, N%, TP, LDH, serum PCT level(rWBC=0.670, rN%=0.802, rTP=0.562, rLDH=0.524, rPCT=0.436, P<0.001) and negatively correlated to CSF Glu level(r=-0.469, P<0.001).@*Conclusions@#CSF HBP is valuable in the diagnosis and prognostic prediction in children with purulent meningitis.

Risk factors of purulent meningitis complicated with subdural effusion in infants and young children / 中国实用儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors of purulent meningitis complicated with subdural effusion in infants and young children. METHODS: The clinical data of the infants and young children who were diagnosed with purulent meningitis in PICU of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from January 2014 to December 2017 were analyzed retrospectively.All of them were divided into 2 groups according to whether there was complication of subdural effusion. The statistical data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0 software. RESULTS: There were significant differences in hemoglobin,C reactive protein and protein in cerebrospinal fluid between control group and subdural effusion group(P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that hemoglobin(OR=0.940,95%CI:0.899—0.998),C reactive protein(OR=1.015,95%CI:1.004—1.028)and protein in cerebrospinal fluid(OR=2.490,95%CI:1.151—6.315)were independent risk factors for purulent meningitis complicated with subdural effusion(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Infants and young children diagnosed with purulent meningitis are with lower hemoglobin. Higher C reactive protein and higher protein in cerebrospinal fluid are likely to be complicated with subdural effusion.

Purulent pericarditis as a complication of pneumonia in an infant. clinical case report

ABSTRACT Introduction: Purulent pericarditis is an inflammatory process in the pericardium caused by bacterial infection. If experienced during childhood and with untimely diagnosis, it has a high mortality rate. Case presentation: A 10-month-old infant was admitted to a high complexity pediatric hospital in the city of Bogotá D.C, Colombia, due to clinical symptoms including cough, respiratory distress and fever. A chest x-ray was taken showing cardiomegaly and multilobar pulmonary involvement. The echocardiogram showed global pericardial effusion managed with pericardiotomy, in which 50 mL of turbid fluid with whitish membranes was obtained. Cytochemical test revealed 2 600 mm3 leukocytes with 90% PMN and protein elevation. Purulent pericarditis was diagnosed based on imaging and laboratory findings. Treatment was initiated with ceftriaxone and clindamycin for four weeks, obtaining effective clinical and echocardiographic resolution. Discussion: The clinical presentation and imaging, paraclinical and electrocardiographic findings suggested purulent pericarditis as the first possibility. This diagnosis was confirmed considering the characteristics of the pericardial fluid, which was compatible with an exudate. Clinical resolution supported by antibiotic management corroborated the diagnosis, even though microbiological isolation was not obtained in cultures. Conclusion: Purulent pericarditis is a rare disease in pediatrics and has a high mortality rate. Making a timely diagnosis and administering early treatment are related to a better prognosis of this pathology.

RESUMEN Introducción. La pericarditis purulenta es un proceso inflamatorio del pericardio producto de una infección bacteriana. De no lograrse un diagnóstico oportuno, se convierte en una patología con alta mortalidad en la infancia. Presentación del caso. Lactante de 10 meses de edad que ingresó a un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad en Bogotá D.C., Colombia, por un cuadro clínico dado por tos, dificultad respiratoria y fiebre. Se tomó una radiografía de tórax donde se observó cardiomegalia y compromiso neumónico multilobar. El ecocardiograma mostró un derrame pericárdico global que requirió pericardiotomía, en la cual se obtuvo 50 mL de líquido turbio con membranas blanquecinas. En la prueba citoquímica se encontraron 2 600mm3 leucocitos, polimorfonucleares del 90% y elevación de proteínas. Con los hallazgos de imagenología y laboratorio se hizo el diagnóstico de pericarditis purulenta, por lo que se inició tratamiento con ceftriaxona y clindamicina por 4 semanas, obteniendo una resolución clínica y ecocardiográfica efectiva. Discusión. La presentación clínica y los hallazgos imagenológicos, paraclínicos y electrocardiográficos sugirieron como primera posibilidad pericarditis purulenta, lo cual se confirmó por las características de líquido pericárdico, que era compatible con un exudado. La resolución clínica, apoyada por el manejo antibiótico y a pesar de no obtener aislamiento microbiológico en los cultivos, corroboró el diagnóstico. Conclusiones. La pericarditis purulenta es una enfermedad poco frecuente en pediatría pero con alta mortalidad. Realizar un diagnóstico oportuno sumado a un tratamiento tempano se relaciona con un mejor pronóstico de esta patología.

Palliative surgery for refractory purulent corneal ulcer / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM:To investigate the clinical effect of scleral allograft combined with conjunctival flap autograft for refractory purulent corneal ulcer. <p>METHODS: Twenty patients(20 eyes)with purulent corneal ulcer admitted to our hospital during June 2015 to June 2017 were selected. The results showed that the drug treatment was not effective and could not be performed by penetrating keratoplasty, and then allogeneic scleral transplantation combined with conjunctival flap autograft covering was performed. A retrospective analysis was carried out. The intraoperative complications, postoperative scleral and conjunctival flap growth and postoperative complications of this palliative operation were observed. <p>RESULTS: Of the 20 patients, 18 had good growth of sclera and conjunctival flap, the cure rate was 90%. One case had bad healing of conjunctival flap and was cured by amniotic membrane transplantation; 1 case had enucleation because of severe vitreous cavity infection; 2 cases had lens prolapse, the incidence rate was 10%. Secondary glaucoma occurred in 3 cases with an incidence of 15%, which was cured by cryociliary surgery.<p>CONCLUSION:Scleral allograft combined with conjunctival flap autograft is a palliative operation. It is an effective way to control the corneal infection and maintain the appearance of the eyeball in the patients with severe purulent corneal ulcer, which is ineffective in drug treatment and unable to perform penetrating keratoplasty. It can replace the previous enucleation of the eye contents to control the infection. It can not only avoid the eye pain and psychological trauma caused by the loss of eyeball, but also save money for improving the appearance in the later stage.

Treatment analysis and pharmaceutical care for one infant with purulent meningi-tis and renal insufficiency / 药学实践杂志

Objective To discuss how the clinical pharmacists participated in the treatment of pediatric purulent meningi-tis and conducted drug monitoring.Methods Clinical pharmacists involved the whole process of treatment for a purulent men-ingitis infant with renal insufficiency,evaluated medication history,conducted therapeutic drug monitoring and designed an in-dividualized medication treatment plan with clinical physicians.Results Clinical pharmacists assisted clinicians with their phar-macy expertise,and developed individualized drug dosing regimen to achieve effective therapy and medication safety.Conclusion Clinical pharmacists play an important role in providing individualized pharmaceutical care for patients,optimizing the treat-ment plan and improving the rational drug use.

Clinical analysis of Listeria sepsis in newborns / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective To explore the clinical features and discuss the diagnosis and treatment of neonatal sepsis caused by Lesteria. Methods We collected 22 newborn cases of Listeriosis admitted in neonatal intensive care unit from January 2014 to March 2018. The diagnosis of Listerosis was confirmed by blood culture. The clinical features, assistant examination results, drug sensitivity test and therapeutic effect were analyzed. The prognosis of Listeria sepsis was traced. Results Clinical features included dyspnea (15 cases),fever (3 cases),convulsion(3 cases). Ten cases complicated purulent meningitis,3 cases com-plicated pneumonia and 2 cases complicated shock,1 case complicated with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Laboratory findings showed that white blood cell count ( >25 × 109/L) increased in 7 cases,decreased ( <5 × 109/L) in 5 cases,and C-reactive protein elevated in 21 cases. Head MRI showed intracranial hemorrhage (6 cases),neonatal white matter injury (5 cases) and hydrocephalus (1 case). Drug sensitivity test showed that Lesteria were sensitive to sulfamethoxazole, penicillin and ampicillin. Ten cases were cured, 6 cases improved,and 6 cases died. Conclusion Neonatal Listeria sepsis is a serious infectious disease. It is very important to recognize its early symptoms. Early detection of pathogens and targeted treatment can help improve prognosis and reduce mortality.

Clinical analysis and serotypes distribution of neonatal purulent meningitis caused by group B streptococcus / 实用医学杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics,antibiotic susceptibilities and serotypes of Group B Streptococcus(GBS)isolated from neonatal meningitis to provide references for the prevention and treatment of neonatal GBS meningitis. Methods From June 2013 to June 2016,we surveyed the GBS strains iso-lated from purulent meningitis of < 90 days infants from Guangzhou Women and Children′s Medical Center. The GBS isolates were identified and the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotics was determined by Vitek 2 Compact automatic bacterial identification system.GBS serotyping was performed using Strep-B-Latex?rapid latex agglutination test kit. Results A total of 46 cases of neonatal GBS meningitis,15 cases of early-onset infection and 31 cases of late-onset infection were diagnosed. 78.3% of GBS meningitis with varying degrees of complica-tions.Among 41 survivors with 3~24 months follow-up,50% of the early-onset and 44.8% of the late-onset GBS meningitis with varying degrees of neurological sequelae.Four capsular types were identified among the 46 isolates, serotype-Ⅲwas the most prevalent(73.9%),followed by Ib(19.6%),V(4.3%)and Ia(2.2%).All the isolates were susceptible to penicillins,cephalosporins,linezolid and vancomycin. Conclusion The highly pathogenic serotype-Ⅲ was the predominant serotype among neonatal GBS meningitis in Guangzhou,Therefore,it is neces-sary to strengthen the epidemiological surveillance of GBS invasive infection and the effective implementation of pre-ventive measures.

Diagnosis and treatment of childhood severe purulent meningitis / 中国小儿急救医学

Severe purulent meningitis ( PM) is urgent suddenly and progresses quickly with high mortality and disabled rate. The occurrence of severe PM is associated with young children,immature immune function and barrier function,immune deficiency,or anatomic defects. The virulence of pathogenic and resist-ance to antibiotics are also related to severe PM. It will be significant for improving prognosis to identify and control pathogenic factors,early diagnosis,to strengthen antibiotic treatment as early as possible,to carry out appropriate symptomatic and supportive treatment,to monitor and manage complications.

Clinical study on the cerebrospinal fluid antigen test for rapid diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To evaluate the value of Binax NOW pneumococcal antigen test for rapid diagnosis in patients with purulent meningitis.Methods Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected prospectively from 86 children who were diagnosed with purulent meningitis in the Department of Infectious Diseases at Beijing Children′s Hospital from March 2013 to March 2014 and were tested by Binax NOW method.CSF culture was considered as golden standard to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Binax NOW method.Continuous variables were compared with t test, categorical variables were compared with χ2 test.Results Among 86 cases of purulent meningitis, 34 (39.5%) had positive culture and 21 (24.4%) were Streptococcus pneumonia, while 31 (36.0%) were positive by Binax NOW test.Using CSF culture as golden standard, the sensitivity and specificity of Binax NOW for diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis were 90.5% (19/21) and 81.5% (53/65), respectively.Conclusion Binax NOW pneumoniae antigen test in CSF yields high sensitivity and specificity, which is useful in clinical application and enables prompt and adequate treatment.

Pharmaceutical Care for One Patient with Adult Purulent Meningitis Performed by Clinical Pharmacists / 中国药师

Objective:To explore the methods and ideas for developing pharmaceutical care in clinical practice. Methods: The pharmaceutical care performed by clinical pharmacists and the therapeutic scheme assisted by clinical pharmacists for one patient with adult purulent meningitis were analyzed retrospectively. Results and Conclusion:Through selection of anti-infective agents, treatment of adverse drug reactions and assessment of patients’ economic capacity,clinical pharmacists help provide reasonable medication to im-prove therapeutic efficacy, safety and economy.